“Plastic Restriction Order” is a run-up to degradable plastics

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Facing the increasingly serious problem of plastic waste pollution, developed countries and regions such as Europe, the United States, and Japan have formulated and issued many policies and regulations in recent years. , mandatory collection, and pollution taxes to limit the use of plastic. This year, my country issued a new version of the plastic restriction order - "Opinions on Further Strengthening the Control of Plastic Pollution". Taking 2020, 2022, and 2025 as the time nodes, it clearly stipulates the scope of the ban on plastic pollution control, and builds a policy covering production, Policy system for the whole life cycle of circulation consumption and terminal disposal. On November 10, Beijing launched the "strictest plastic restriction" measure in history. According to incomplete statistics, more than 20 provinces across the country have issued implementation plans on plastic pollution control, and the plastic restriction policy has spread across the country. At the same time, degradable plastics have received unprecedented attention.

my country will become the main driving force for the growth of global degradable plastic production capacity

Degradable plastics refer to natural conditions such as soil and/sandy soil, and/or specific conditions (such as composting conditions or anaerobic digestion conditions or aqueous culture fluids) ), degraded by the action of microorganisms existing in nature, and finally completely degraded into carbon dioxide or/and methane, water and mineralized inorganic salts of the elements contained therein, and new biomass. In 2019, the global demand for degradable plastics was 920,000 tons, accounting for only 0.25% of the total plastic consumption. At present, the development of the degradable plastics industry is still in the exploratory stage, and a lot of work still needs to be done in terms of process technology, product types, standard formulation, production costs, downstream applications, and terminal disposal.

Market Availability

Degradable plastics can be divided into biodegradable plastics and petroleum-based degradable plastics according to the source of raw materials. Bio-based degradable plastics are mainly plastics obtained by direct processing of natural materials, microbial fermentation, or synthesis of microorganisms and chemical substances. Representative products mainly include polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), etc. Petroleum-based degradable plastics refer to plastics obtained by polymerizing monomers by chemical synthesis methods, such as polybutylene terephthalate-adipate (PBAT), polybutylene succinate (PBS), carbon dioxide Copolymer (PPC), polyglycolic acid (PGA), etc. In 2019, the global production capacity of degradable plastics was 1.174 million tons, mainly distributed in China, Western Europe and North America, among which China accounted for about 69.8% of the global production capacity, ranking first in the world.

In recent years, driven by environmental protection policies and regulations, China's degradable plastics have developed rapidly. In 2019, my country's degradable plastics production capacity reached 820,000 tons, a year-on-year increase of 13.9%, and the output was 720,000 tons tons, an increase of 11% year-on-year. At present and in the next five years, degradable plastics are still in a period of rapid expansion. According to incomplete statistics, 36 companies have announced plans for degradable plastic projects under construction or to be built, with a total of 4.405 million tons of new capacity, of which PLA and PBAT Series materials account for more than 80%. China will become the main driving force for the growth of global degradable plastic production capacity.

The status quo of market demand is subject to the adoption of the revision of the Basel Convention (incorporating waste plastics into the scope of control), as well as the intensive laws and regulations such as "plastic restriction order" and "plastic ban order" in various countries In 2019, the global demand for degradable plastics surged, exceeding 900,000 tons. Among them, starch composite materials accounted for the largest proportion, reaching 38%, PLA and PBAT ranked second and third respectively, and the combined proportion of the two was close to 50%. Starch is a natural material, but its performance defects are obvious, its application range is limited, and it is difficult to apply on a large scale. PLA has unique hardness and transparency, and PBAT has the most cost advantage among soft materials. These two materials may become the fastest-growing varieties of degradable plastics in the future. In addition, due to its good biocompatibility, PHA can be used for high-end applications such as medical treatment. Although its current proportion is small, its development potential cannot be ignored.

China's demand for degradable plastics has increased from 320,000 tons in 2015 to 520,000 tons in 2019, with an average annual growth rate of 12.3%. With the promulgation and implementation of the "Opinions on Further Strengthening Plastic Pollution Control", the growth rate of China's degradable plastic market demand will further increase. Food packaging, cutlery, bags, and agricultural film markets are the main drivers of growth in demand for degradable plastics. China consumes about 4 million tons of shopping bags, 2.46 million tons of agricultural film, and 2.6 million tons of takeaway packaging every year. With the rapid development of express delivery and takeaway business, the demand for plastics continues to grow. Dividing the enforcement of relevant laws and regulations into high and low scenarios, it is estimated that my country's demand for degradable plastics will be around 900,000 to 3 million tons in the next five years. Seek ways such as exporting to consume excess capacity.

Technology Status

The production of PLA and PBAT among degradable plastics is relatively mature, and their production capacity occupies the forefront. PLA production technologies mainly include one-step biosynthesis and two-step bio-chemical synthesis (biomass → lactic acid → PLA). At present, the two-step process route is the mainstream. NatureWorks, a subsidiary of Cargill, is the world's largest polylactic acid manufacturer with a production capacity of 150,000 tons per year. my country's independent two-step PLA process route has not yet been industrialized, and the core raw material required for high-purity lactide relies on advanced production.��, the production cost is high, which has become the bottleneck of the development of the domestic PLA industry.

The production technologies of petroleum-based degradable plastic PBAT mainly include direct esterification and transesterification. The synthesis of PBAT by direct esterification is mainly made from adipic acid (AA), terephthalic acid (PTA) and butanediol (BDO), which are directly esterified and polycondensed under the condition of a catalyst. The synthesis of PBAT by transesterification is mainly based on polybutylene adipate (PBA), PTA, and BDO as raw materials. The polymer (BT) is obtained by transesterification and melt polycondensation with PBA. At present, the direct esterification method is the mainstream technology, and the direct esterification method of BASF has the largest market share in foreign countries.

PBAT research in China mainly includes the Institute of Physical and Chemical Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tsinghua University, and Jiangnan University. The Institute of Physics and Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has developed a PBAT product with low cost, high mechanical properties, and good biological safety, forming a process package with independent intellectual property rights and a complete set of production and application patented technology. At present, it has authorized Xinfu Pharmaceutical, Huiying New Materials, Companies such as Jinhui Zhaolong New Materials and Yuetai Biological New Materials are engaged in the production of PBAT materials. The Institute of Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences continues to carry out technology integration, process design, and structural adjustment. At present, it has also mastered a stable PBAT production process, and has passed the fully biodegradable mulch film farmland test organized by the China Plastics Processing Industry Association and the National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center. In addition, Sinopec Yizheng Chemical Fiber Company and Lanshan Tunhe Company have also realized the industrial production of PBAT materials through independent research and development.

What aspects of my country's biodegradable plastics industry need to be upgraded

With the continuous tightening of China's environmental protection policies and the increasing awareness of environmental protection, degradable plastics have received widespread attention, but they are still in their infancy, and there are still some problems in the development process. problems and risks.

The technology is not mature enough, and there is still room for improvement in product performance

Currently, the comprehensive properties of degradable plastics on the market still have one or another deficiency. Existing technologies cannot produce degradable plastics with excellent performance and controllable degradation performance. Taking PBAT as an example, its mechanical properties and oxidation resistance are inferior to traditional plastics. This limits the scope of application of degradable plastics, and will also restrict the development of degradable plastics industry.

The cost of each link is high, and it is still difficult to compete with traditional plastics

At present, due to the composition of degradable plastics, the production process is more complicated, and the utilization rate of raw materials, capacity utilization rate, technical level, etc. are all low, the production cost is high, about It is 2 to 3 times that of traditional plastics. Without policy subsidies, it will be difficult to make profits in the short term. In addition, the cost of terminal disposal of degradable plastics is also higher. Due to the different degradation rates and degradation conditions of different types and uses of degradable plastics, the requirements for the recycling and sorting of waste degradable plastics are more complicated and demanding. It is also one of the problems in the development of degradable plastics industry.

Relevant policies, regulations, industry standards are not perfect, and there are still uncertainties

At present, the "plastic restriction orders" that have been issued one after another are mostly issued in the form of opinions or notices, and there is still a gap between the legal force and regulations. In addition, no specific measures have been issued to restrict the use of disposable non-degradable plastics in the fastest-growing industries such as takeaway and express delivery. Relevant policies and regulations still need to be improved and enforcement needs to be strengthened. In terms of industry standards, for the formulation of biodegradable plastics for different purposes, there is no unified standard or industry or group standards in China. The lack or lag of formulation standards will have an adverse impact on end-of-life disposal, restricting the sustainable development of the degradable plastics industry.

How can my country's degradable plastic industry develop sustainably

Construct projects prudently to avoid rushing investment and waste

At present, the development of the degradable plastics industry mainly relies on policy-driven. According to incomplete statistics, there are already 4.4 million tons of production capacity construction plans in the next 5 years, and the growth rate of production capacity has far exceeded the growth rate of demand. , The development of the industry urgently needs to be regulated. It is recommended that the National Development and Reform Commission and other industry authorities strengthen planning and guidance, and each enterprise should treat it rationally according to its own actual situation, carry out in-depth project feasibility demonstration, and avoid crowding.

Improve regulations, policies and industry standards to promote the healthy development of the industry

Green and low-carbon development provides space and opportunities for the development of degradable plastics. focus of development. To this end, it is recommended that relevant departments improve relevant policies, regulations, and industry standards, strengthen supervision, promote green consumption, and promote sustainable and healthy development of the industry.

Strengthen R&D investment, strive to break through core technologies and reduce costs

At present, the degradable plastic industry has entered a period of rapid development with policy support, but is restricted by factors such as immature technology and high production costs. It is recommended that the national and industry levels formulate degradable plastic technology development strategies as soon as possible, carry out research and development layout, strive to break through core technologies and reduce costs, and form a complete set of technologies for degradable plastic products comparable to traditional plastics.

Now it has entered a period of rapid development, but it is restricted by factors such as immature technology and high production costs. It is recommended that the national and industry levels formulate degradable plastic technology development strategies as soon as possible, carry out research and development layout, strive to break through core technologies and reduce costs, and form a complete set of technologies for degradable plastic products comparable to traditional plastics.