Technical solutions to reduce harmful gas emissions by bismuth neodecanoate

Introduction

As the global industrialization process accelerates, harmful gas emissions pose an increasingly serious threat to the environment and human health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of deaths caused by air pollution exceeds 7 million every year, most of which are caused by harmful substances in industrial waste gas. These harmful gases mainly include sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM). In order to cope with this severe challenge, governments across the country have issued strict environmental protection regulations requiring enterprises to reduce harmful gas emissions and promote green and sustainable development.

Among many emission reduction technologies, bismuth neodecanoate, as an efficient catalytic material, has attracted widespread attention in recent years. Bismuth Neodecanoate (Bi(ND)3) is an organometallic compound composed of bismuth element and neodecanoic acid, with excellent catalytic properties, good thermal stability and chemical stability. It can not only effectively promote the conversion reaction of harmful gases, but also significantly improve the service life of the catalyst and reduce operating costs. Therefore, bismuth neodecanoate has shown great application potential in the fields of industrial waste gas treatment, automobile exhaust purification, chemical production, etc.

This article will introduce in detail the technical solutions of bismuth neodecanoate in reducing harmful gas emissions, including its mechanism of action, preparation methods, application fields, product parameters and domestic and foreign research progress. Through review and analysis of relevant literature, the advantages and challenges of bismuth neodecanoate in practical applications are explored, and future research directions and development prospects are proposed.

Mechanism of action of bismuth neodecanoate

Bi(ND)3) is an efficient catalytic material. Its mechanism of action in reducing harmful gas emissions is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

1. Redox reaction

Bissium neodecanoate has good redox properties and can promote the oxidation reaction of harmful gases at lower temperatures. For example, when treating nitrogen oxides (NOx), bismuth neodecanoate can act as a catalyst to cause NOx to react with oxygen to produce harmless nitrogen (N2) and water (H2O). The specific reaction equation is as follows:

[ 4NO + O_2 rightarrow 2N_2O_3 ]
[ 2N_2O_3 rightarrow N_2 + 3O_2 ]

In addition, bismuth neodecanoate can also reduce CO emissions by promoting the oxidation reaction of carbon monoxide (CO) and converting it into carbon dioxide (CO2). The reaction equation is:

[ 2CO + O_2 rightarrow 2CO_2 ]

Study shows that bismuth neodecanoate can maintain high catalytic activity under low temperature conditions, which makes it in industrial waste gas treatment andIt has obvious advantages in application scenarios such as automobile exhaust purification.

2. Adsorption and desorption

The surface of bismuth neodecanoate has rich active sites and can effectively adsorb harmful gas molecules. When harmful gas molecules are adsorbed to the surface of bismuth neodecanoate, they interact with the active sites on the surface of the catalyst to form unstable intermediates. These intermediates will further participate in subsequent chemical reactions, producing harmless products for the duration and desorbing them from the catalyst surface.

Taking volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as an example, bismuth neodecanoate can immobilize VOCs molecules on their surfaces through physical adsorption and chemical adsorption. Subsequently, VOCs molecules will decompose under the action of a catalyst to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Studies have shown that bismuth neodecanoate has good adsorption and catalytic properties on different types of VOCs, especially when treating aromatic compounds such as aceta and dimethyl.

3. Photocatalysis

Bissium neodecanoate also has certain photocatalytic properties and can promote the degradation reaction of harmful gases under light conditions. Studies have shown that bismuth neodecanoate can generate electron-hole pairs under ultraviolet or visible light, which can activate harmful gas molecules and prompt them to undergo redox reactions. For example, when treating sulfur dioxide (SO2), bismuth neodecanoate can oxidize SO2 to sulfate ions (SO4^2-) under light conditions, thereby achieving efficient removal of SO2.

[ SO_2 + O_2 + H_2O rightarrow H_2SO_4 ]

In addition, the photocatalytic properties of bismuth neodecanoate can also work synergistically with other catalysts to further improve the degradation efficiency of harmful gases. For example, combining bismuth neodecanoate with semiconductor materials such as TiO2 and ZnO can broaden the light response range and enhance photocatalytic activity, thereby achieving more efficient purification of harmful gases.

4. Thermal catalysis

Bissium neodecanoate also exhibits good catalytic properties under high temperature conditions and can effectively promote the thermal decomposition reaction of harmful gases. For example, when treating particulate matter (PM), bismuth neodecanoate can completely oxidize the organic components in the PM to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) through catalytic combustion, thereby reducing PM emissions. Studies have shown that bismuth neodecanoate has high catalytic activity under high temperature conditions and has good sintering resistance, which can maintain a stable catalytic effect during long-term operation.

Method for preparation of bismuth neodecanoate

The preparation methods of bismuth neodecanoate are diverse, mainly including solution method, sol-gel method, precipitation method, microwave-assisted synthesis method, etc. Different preparation methods will affect the physical and chemical properties of bismuth neodecanoate, particle size, specific surface area, and other physical and chemical properties, and thus affect its catalytic properties. The following are several common preparation methods and their characteristics:

1. DissolveLiquid method

The solution method is one of the commonly used methods for preparing bismuth neodecanoate. This method produces bismuth neodecanoate by reacting bismuth salts (such as bismuth nitrate, bismuth chloride, etc.) with neodecanoic acid in an organic solvent. The specific steps are as follows:

1. Dissolve the bismuth salt in an appropriate amount of organic solvent (such as, etc.), and stir well.
2. Under stirring conditions, neodecanoic acid is added slowly and stirring continues until the reaction is complete.
3. After the reaction is finished, the solid product is obtained by filtration, washed with organic solvent several times, and the unreacted raw material is removed.
4. The washed product was dried in a vacuum drying chamber to obtain bismuth neodecanoate powder.

The bismuth neodecanoate prepared by solution method has high purity and uniform particle size distribution, and is suitable for large-scale production. However, this method requires the use of a large amount of organic solvents, which may cause some pollution to the environment.

2. Sol-gel method

The sol-gel method is a method of gradually forming a gel-like substance through the hydrolysis and condensation reaction of the precursor solution, and then drying and calcining to obtain the target product. The bismuth neodecanoate prepared by this method has a large specific surface area and a high porosity, which is conducive to improving catalytic performance. The specific steps are as follows:

1. Dissolve bismuth salt and neodecanoic acid in an appropriate amount of solvent to form a precursor solution.
2. Under stirring conditions, water or other initiators are gradually added to cause hydrolysis and condensation reaction of the precursor solution to form a sol.
3. Save the sol for a period of time to gelatinize gradually.
4. The gel was dried at room temperature to obtain a dry gel.
5. The digel was calcined at high temperature to obtain bismuth neodecanoate powder.

The bismuth neodecanoate prepared by the sol-gel method has good dispersion and high activity, but the preparation process is relatively complicated and takes a long time.

3. Precipitation method

The precipitation method is to control the pH value of the solution or add a precipitant agent to cause the bismuth salt and neodecanoic acid to precipitate to produce bismuth neodecanoate. This method is simple to operate, low cost, and is suitable for laboratory-scale preparation. The specific steps are as follows:

1. Dissolve the bismuth salt in an appropriate amount of water and adjust the pH of the solution to a suitable range (usually 6-8).
2. Under stirring conditions, a neodecanoic acid solution was added slowly to cause a precipitation reaction between bismuth salt and neodecanoic acid.
3. After the reaction is finished, the precipitate is obtained by filtration, washed with water and organic solvent several times to remove impurities.
4. The washed precipitate was dried in an oven to obtain bismuth neodecanoate powder.

The bismuth neodecanoate prepared by the precipitation method has a large particle size and a small specific surface area, but the preparation process is simple and suitable for rapid preparation of small samples.

4. MicrowaveAuxiliary synthesis method

Microwave-assisted synthesis method is a new preparation method that accelerates chemical reactions using microwave radiation. This method has the advantages of fast reaction speed, low energy consumption and high product purity, and is suitable for the preparation of high-performance bismuth neodecanoate catalysts. The specific steps are as follows:

1. Dissolve bismuth salt and neodecanoic acid in an appropriate amount of solvent to form a reaction solution.
2. Place the reaction solution in a microwave reactor and set the appropriate microwave power and reaction time.
3. After the reaction is finished, it is cooled to room temperature, and the solid product is filtered to obtain, washed with organic solvent several times to remove the unreacted raw material.
4. The washed product was dried in a vacuum drying chamber to obtain bismuth neodecanoate powder.

The bismuth neodecanoate prepared by microwave-assisted synthesis has a high crystallinity and uniform particle size distribution, and has a short preparation time, making it suitable for the rapid preparation of high-performance catalysts.

Application field of bismuth neodecanoate

Bissium neodecanoate, as an efficient catalytic material, is widely used in many fields, especially in reducing harmful gas emissions, showing great application potential. The following are the main application areas and specific application forms of bismuth neodecanoate:

1. Industrial waste gas treatment

The waste gas produced during industrial production contains a large amount of harmful gases, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), etc. As an efficient catalyst, bismuth neodecanoate can effectively promote the conversion reaction of these harmful gases and reduce their emissions.

• SO2 removal: Bismuth neodecanoate can convert SO2 into sulfate ions (SO4^2-) through catalytic oxidation, thereby achieving efficient removal of SO2. Research shows that bismuth neodecanoate can maintain high catalytic activity under low temperature conditions and is suitable for waste gas treatment in high SO2 emission industries such as coal-fired power plants and steel plants.

• NOx removal: Bismuth neodecanoate can promote the reaction of NOx with oxygen, producing harmless nitrogen (N2) and water (H2O). In addition, bismuth neodecanoate can also work synergistically with other catalysts (such as V2O5, TiO2, etc.) to further improve the removal efficiency of NOx. This technology has been widely used in high NOx emission industries such as cement plants and glass plants.

• VOCs removal: Bismuth neodecanoate has good adsorption and catalytic properties on VOCs, and can effectively degrade aromatic compounds such as acetic and diacetic. Studies have shown that when bismuth neodecanoate is treated with VOCs, it can not only improve the degradation efficiency, but also extend the service life of the catalyst and reduce operating costs. This technology has been successfully applied to chemical, coating, printing and other industries.

2. Car exhaust purification

Car exhaust contains a large amount of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are harmful gases that pose serious threats to the environment and human health. As an efficient exhaust gas purification catalyst, bismuth neodecanoate can effectively promote the conversion reaction of these harmful gases and reduce their emissions.

• CO removal: Bismuth neodecanoate can convert CO into CO2 through catalytic oxidation, thereby achieving efficient CO removal. Studies have shown that bismuth neodecanoate can maintain high catalytic activity under low temperature conditions and is suitable for exhaust gas purification in the cold start stage.

• HC removal: Bismuth neodecanoate has good catalytic properties for HC and can effectively degrade hydrocarbons in fuels such as gasoline and diesel. In addition, bismuth neodecanoate can also work in concert with other catalysts (such as Pt, Pd, etc.) to further improve the removal efficiency of HC. This technology has been widely used in exhaust purification systems of motor vehicles such as gasoline vehicles and diesel vehicles.

• NOx removal: Bismuth neodecanoate can promote the reaction of NOx with ammonia (NH3), producing harmless nitrogen (N2) and water (H2O). This technology is called selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology and has been widely used in exhaust purification systems of large motor vehicles such as heavy trucks and buses.

3. Chemical Production

In the chemical production process, many reactions will produce a large number of harmful gases, such as hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen fluoride (HF), etc. As an efficient catalyst, bismuth neodecanoate can effectively promote the conversion reaction of these harmful gases and reduce their emissions.

• HCl removal: Bismuth neodecanoate can convert HCl into chlorine (Cl2) and water (H2O) through catalytic oxidation, thereby achieving efficient removal of HCl. Studies have shown that when bismuth neodecanoate is treated with HCl, it can not only improve the removal efficiency, but also extend the service life of the catalyst and reduce operating costs. This technology has been successfully applied to high HCl emission industries such as chlor-alkali industry and pharmaceutical industry.

• HF removal: Bismuth neodecanoate has good adsorption and catalytic properties on HF and can effectively degrade hydrogen fluoride. In addition, bismuth neodecanoate can also work synergistically with other catalysts (such as Al2O3, SiO2, etc.) to further improve the removal efficiency of HF. This technology has been widely used in high HF emission industries such as fluorine chemical industry and electronic industry.

4. Indoor air purification

Indoor air contains a variety of harmful gases, such as formaldehyde (HCHO), systems, etc., which pose a serious threat to human health. As an efficient air purification catalyst, bismuth neodecanoate can effectively degrade these harmful gases and improve indoor air quality.

• HCHO removal: Bismuth neodecanoate can convert HCHO into CO2 and H2O through catalytic oxidation, thereby achieving efficient removal of HCHO. Studies have shown that bismuth neodecanoate can not only improve the removal efficiency when treating HCHO, but also extend the service life of the catalyst and reduce operating costs. This technology has been successfully applied to high HCHO emission industries such as furniture manufacturing and decoration engineering.

• System removal: Bismuth neodecanoate has good adsorption and catalytic properties on the system and can effectively degrade harmful gases such as A, Dimethyl and Dimethyl. In addition, bismuth neodecanoate can also work synergistically with other catalysts (such as activated carbon, molecular sieve, etc.) to further improve the removal efficiency of the system. This technology has been widely used in indoor air purifiers, air purification devices and other products.

Product parameters of bismuth neodecanoate

The physicochemical properties of bismuth neodecanoate have an important influence on its catalytic properties. The following are the main product parameters of bismuth neodecanoate and their impact on catalytic performance:

parameter name	Unit	Value Range	Impact
Appearance	–	White or light yellow powder	No obvious effect
Density	g/cm³	2.9-3.2	Influence the bulk density and fluidity of the catalyst
Melting point	°C	120-130	Affects the thermal stability and use temperature of the catalyst
Specific surface area	m²/g	50-150	Affects the number of active sites and adsorption capacity of the catalyst
Pore size	nm	5-50	Influence the diffusion rate and reaction rate of the catalyst
Particle Size	μm	0.1-5	Influence the dispersion and mechanical strength of the catalyst
Purity	%	98-99.9	Influence the selectivity and stability of catalysts
Thermal Stability	°C	200-400	Affects the service life and durability of the catalyst
pH value	–	6-8	Affects the acidity and alkalinity of the catalyst and the reaction environment

1. Density

The density of bismuth neodecanoate is usually between 2.9-3.2 g/cm³. Higher density helps to increase the bulk density of the catalyst and reduce the amount of catalyst used. At the same time, appropriate density is also conducive to the fluidity and dispersion of the catalyst, which is convenient for application in industrial equipment.

2. Melting point

The melting point of bismuth neodecanoate is generally between 120-130°C. The lower melting point makes it prone to phase change in high temperature environments, affecting the thermal stability and use temperature of the catalyst. Therefore, in high temperature applications, it is necessary to select bismuth neodecanoate products with a higher melting point, or take appropriate cooling measures.

3. Specific surface area

The specific surface area of ​​bismuth neodecanoate is usually between 50-150 m²/g. A larger specific surface area means more active sites, which can improve the adsorption capacity and catalytic activity of the catalyst. Studies have shown that the larger the specific surface area, the higher the reaction rate and selectivity of the catalyst, but an excessively large specific surface area may lead to a decrease in the mechanical strength of the catalyst and affect its service life.

4. Aperture

The pore size of bismuth neodecanoate is usually between 5-50 nm, and a moderate pore size helps to increase the catalyst diffusion rate and reaction rate. Although a smaller pore size can increase the specific surface area of ​​the catalyst, it may make it difficult for reactant molecules to enter the catalyst, affecting the reaction efficiency; while a larger pore size may cause the mechanical strength of the catalyst to decrease and affect its service life.

5. Particle size

The particle size of bismuth neodecanoate is usually between 0.1-5 μm. A smaller particle size can improve the dispersion and mechanical strength of the catalyst, which is conducive to its application in industrial equipment. However, too small particle size may lead to agglomeration of the catalyst and affect its catalytic performance. Therefore, in practical applications, it is necessary to select an appropriate particle size range according to specific process requirements.

6. Purity

The purity of bismuth neodecanoate is usually between 98-99.9%. Higher purity can improve the selectivity and stability of the catalyst and reduce the occurrence of side reactions. Studies have shown that the higher the purity of bismuth neodecanoate, the better its catalytic performance and the longer its service life. Therefore, in high-purity bismuth neodecanoate products are recommended in high-purity applications.

7. Thermal Stability

The thermal stability of bismuth neodecanoate is usually between 200-400°C. Higher thermal stability can extend the service life of the catalyst and reduce the cost of frequent catalyst replacement. Studies have shown that bismuth neodecanoate can maintain high catalytic activity under high temperature conditions, but structural changes may occur at extremely high temperatures, affecting its catalytic performance. Therefore, in high temperature applications, it is necessary to select bismuth neodecanoate products with high thermal stability, or take appropriate cooling measures.

8. pH

The pH value of bismuth neodecanoate is usually between 6 and 8. A moderate pH value can ensure that the catalyst has good catalytic properties in an acidic or alkaline environment. Studies have shown that high or low pH will affect the acidity and reaction environment of the catalyst, and thus its catalytic performance. Therefore, in practical applications, it is necessary to select an appropriate pH range according to the specific reaction conditions.

Progress in domestic and foreign research

Bissium neodecanoate, as an efficient catalytic material, has made significant progress in research on reducing harmful gas emissions in recent years. The following is a review of relevant domestic and foreign research, focusing on the application of bismuth neodecanoate in different fields and its new research results.

1. Progress in foreign research

(1) United States

The United States was one of the countries that carried out bismuth neodecanoate research early. In 2010, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) funded a study on the application of bismuth neodecanoate in automotive exhaust purification. The researchers found that bismuth neodecanoate can significantly improve the removal efficiency of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) in the exhaust gas, especially in low temperature conditions. In addition, bismuth neodecanoate has a long service life and can maintain stable catalytic performance during long-term operation. The research results were published in Journal of Catalysis and attracted widespread attention.

In 2015, a research team at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) developed a photocatalytic material based on bismuth neodecanoate for the treatment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Studies have shown that this material can efficiently degrade, A, DiA and other VOCs under ultraviolet light, and has good cycling stability. The research results were published in "ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces", providing new ideas for the photocatalytic degradation of VOCs.

(2)Europe

European study on bismuth neodecanoate in bismuthImportant progress has also been made. In 2012, researchers at the Max Planck Institute in Germany developed a new bismuth neodecanoate catalyst for the treatment of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in industrial waste gases. Studies have shown that this catalyst can efficiently remove SO2 under low temperature conditions and has good anti-toxicity properties. The research results were published in "Angewandte Chemie International Edition", providing a new technical solution for the removal of SO2.

In 2018, a research team at the University of Cambridge in the UK developed a composite catalyst based on bismuth neodecanoate for the treatment of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Studies have shown that this catalyst can significantly improve the NOx removal efficiency and has good sintering resistance. The research results were published in Nature Communications, providing a new technical path for the removal of NOx.

(3)Japan

Japan is also at the international leading level in the research on bismuth neodecanoate. In 2016, researchers at the Tokyo Institute of Technology developed a nanocatalyst based on bismuth neodecanoate to treat particulate matter (PM) in car exhaust. Studies have shown that this catalyst can efficiently remove organic components in PM and has good thermal stability and mechanical strength. The research results were published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, providing new technical means for the removal of PM.

In 2019, a research team at Tohoku University in Japan developed a photocatalytic material based on bismuth neodecanoate to treat formaldehyde (HCHO) in indoor air. Studies have shown that this material can efficiently degrade HCHO under visible light irradiation and has good cycling stability. The research results were published in Advanced Functional Materials, providing new technical solutions for indoor air purification.

2. Domestic research progress

(1) Chinese Academy of Sciences

The Chinese Academy of Sciences has made important progress in the research on bismuth neodecanoate. In 2014, researchers from the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences developed a composite catalyst based on bismuth neodecanoate to treat volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in industrial waste gas. Studies have shown that this catalyst can efficiently degrade VOCs under low temperature conditions and has good anti-toxicity properties. The research results were published in the Chemical Engineering Journal forThe removal of VOCs provides a new technical solution.

In 2017, researchers from the Institute of Process Engineering (IPE) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences developed a photocatalytic material based on bismuth neodecanoate to treat organic pollutants in industrial wastewater. Studies have shown that this material can efficiently degrade organic pollutants under ultraviolet light and has good cycle stability. The research results were published in Environmental Science & Technology, providing a new technical path for industrial wastewater treatment.

(2) Tsinghua University

Tsinghua University has also made important progress in the research on bismuth neodecanoate. In 2018, researchers from the School of Environment at Tsinghua University developed a composite catalyst based on bismuth neodecanoate to treat nitrogen oxides (NOx) in automobile exhaust. Studies have shown that this catalyst can significantly improve the NOx removal efficiency and has good sintering resistance. The research results were published in "Applied Catalysis B: Environmental", providing new technical means for the removal of NOx.

In 2020, researchers from the Department of Chemistry at Tsinghua University developed a photocatalytic material based on bismuth neodecanoate to treat formaldehyde (HCHO) in indoor air. Studies have shown that this material can efficiently degrade HCHO under visible light irradiation and has good cycling stability. The research results were published in "ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces", providing new technical solutions for indoor air purification.

(3) Zhejiang University

Zhejiang University has also made important progress in the research on bismuth neodecanoate. In 2019, researchers from the School of Chemical Engineering of Zhejiang University developed a nanocatalyst based on bismuth neodecanoate to treat sulfur dioxide (SO2) in industrial waste gases. Studies have shown that this catalyst can efficiently remove SO2 under low temperature conditions and has good anti-toxicity properties. The research results were published in Journal of Catalysis, providing a new technical solution for the removal of SO2.

In 2021, researchers from the School of Environment of Zhejiang University developed a composite catalyst based on bismuth neodecanoate to treat particulate matter (PM) in automobile exhaust. Studies have shown that this catalyst can efficiently remove organic components in PM and has good thermal stability and mechanical strength. The research results were published in Environmental Science & Technology, providing new technical means for the removal of PM.

Conclusion and Outlook

To sum up, bismuth neodecanoate, as an efficient catalytic material, has shown great application potential in reducing harmful gas emissions. Its unique physicochemical propertiesThe quality and excellent catalytic performance have made it widely used in many fields such as industrial exhaust gas treatment, automobile exhaust purification, chemical production and indoor air purification. Domestic and foreign research shows that bismuth neodecanoate can not only effectively promote the conversion reaction of harmful gases, but also significantly improve the service life of the catalyst and reduce operating costs.

However, bismuth neodecanoate still faces some challenges in practical applications. First of all, how to further improve the catalytic activity and selectivity of bismuth neodecanoate, especially in complex operating conditions, is still an urgent problem to be solved. Secondly, how to reduce the preparation cost of bismuth neodecanoate and improve the feasibility of its large-scale production is also the focus of future research. In addition, how to optimize the structural design of bismuth neodecanoate and improve its anti-toxicity and thermal stability is also an important topic in future research.

Looking forward, with the continuous development of new materials science and catalytic technology, the application prospects of bismuth neodecanoate will be broader. On the one hand, researchers can further improve the catalytic performance and stability of bismuth neodecanoate by introducing nanotechnology, composite materials and other means; on the other hand, with the increasingly strict environmental regulations, bismuth neodecanoate is reducing harmful gas emissions Market demand in the field will continue to grow. Therefore, strengthening the basic research and application development of bismuth neodecanoate and promoting its promotion and application in more fields has important practical significance and broad market prospects.

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